As for opals
The Holy Roman Emperor's crown used to have a big white opal, the Orphan Stone. The 12th century German romance of Duke Ernst tells the origins of the stone.
Ernst, stepson of the emperor, is exiled from his home and heads to the Holy Land. On the way he gets lost, and goes through a series of Sindbad-like adventures, featuring bird-headed people, giants, griffins, and a Magnetic Mountain. He finds the opal in a magic cave.
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